obrazky   
https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=p%C3%A1smov%C3%BD+model+Helia+



vodivostní a valenční  
https://www.itnetwork.cz/images/6837/elektro/pasmovy_model.png


 pásmové modely 
https://www.google.com/search?q=p%C3%A1smov%C3%BD+model+Helia&client=firefox-b-d&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=CH7lv9NdXfhiZM%252CsF2U994NS2CwxM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQ2otgkD6Q3nxVUUYzSIj3JomITiQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEhrrK9LPsAhXmQUEAHWMCCkUQ9QF6BAgIEAg#imgrc=CH7lv9NdXfhiZM


izolant a polovodič atd.  
data:image/png;base64,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





jeden obrázek
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/aEoBf2l57VuhFfihHmxR_1Sp_2FKUNDUAEHpaVRMATTPicgk7MxtXcm5uHZ0K3OuYQMYGosHXrx3mGD4R95fDuRtBg

více obrázků , dioda, asipoužitelné  
https://www.google.com/search?q=p%C3%A1smov%C3%BD+model+Helia&client=firefox-b-d&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=CH7lv9NdXfhiZM%252CsF2U994NS2CwxM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQ2otgkD6Q3nxVUUYzSIj3JomITiQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEhrrK9LPsAhXmQUEAHWMCCkUQ9QF6BAgIEAg#imgrc=zGkzPtBe2rf0vM&imgdii=OENkqan7lclh2M


tak de - ask Goole   pásmový model Helia 
    vono se to nedá zkpírovat 
    

dioda v závěrném a propustném ??? směru ???? 
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/aEoBf2l57VuhFfihHmxR_1Sp_2FKUNDUAEHpaVRMATTPicgk7MxtXcm5uHZ0K3OuYQMYGosHXrx3mGD4R95fDuRtBg
ale nejsou tam pořádně vidět ty hladiny     
    
    

dioda závěr směr 
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTXexC8CTjeDPcPWCpJUDPg6PLyfV4lWe5EtQ&usqp=CAU
    
    
tady je konečně vidět Fermiho hladina !       
https://physics.mff.cuni.cz/kfpp/skripta/elektronika/kap2/2_9.gif
    



Pásmový model fotodiody 
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTbkEHxBeTyBiE38CE3ZH0B3ED6rDS_CjjasA&usqp=CAU
    
    
    





jakási bakalářka  
https://otik.zcu.cz/bitstream/11025/10448/1/Bakalarska%20prace.pdf
    strana 14 , 15 použitelné pro polovodič  
    strana 32 a 33 - nechápu, jak někdo může tohle pustit 1    jednou pF a podruhý nF ?  To si ten clapeček (a vedoucí práce)  snad dělá srandu !!!!! 
    
    ??? a to je bakalášská práce ?  Z našich mladejch let jsme tohle běžně měřlil na průmzslovce !  Ale nám bzlo jasný, že ampérmetrem a voltmetrem to fakt nepůjde ? 
    
    4.4Měření kapacity ampérmetrem a voltmetrem
    ?? Zdroj ss pžémo na tom varikapu ??? A tenhle blábol mu vzali ??? 
    
    
     
     
     
poloměr atomu 
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomov%C3%BD_polom%C4%9Br
     
     


https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjCt-2Tz8XsAhVx6uAKHe5LBtUQFjADegQIBRAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fozeas.sdb.cz%2Fpanska%2F2A%2Fkazi%2F13%2520%2520Polovodi%25E8e.doc&usg=AOvVaw1VfehnM-I5txpsmbY6Z_Ql
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjCt-2Tz8XsAhVx6uAKHe5LBtUQFjADegQIBRAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fozeas.sdb.cz%2Fpanska%2F2A%2Fkazi%2F13%2520%2520Polovodi%25E8e.doc&usg=AOvVaw1VfehnM-I5txpsmbY6Z_Ql
     
     
http://ozeas.sdb.cz/panska/2A/kazi/
spousta materiálu




energie a hmotnost fotonu - hezká odpovědna
http://fyzweb.cz/odpovedna/index.php?hledat=foton%C5%AF
      
      
      
" Narazí-li foton do elektronu takového atomu "  


      
enczklopedie, asi dobrá       
https://www.rp-photonics.com/laser_diodes.html
      
      
      
výrobce lecšehos       
https://www.innolume.com/products/products.htm?gclid=CjwKCAiAnIT9BRAmEiwANaoE1ej1MmGn038l8s9_us_mtpgcOwhns6SURlmh5FJ863bRy01HZVxvGRoCdWoQAvD_BwE
      
      


laserové diody 
https://laserscom.com/en/products?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI6-bmr9Hp7AIV0ed3Ch15MQAVEAAYASAAEgJHA_D_BwE

      
                    F-P 
https://laserscom.com/sites/default/files/pdf/ldi-1550-fp-1.25g-1550_1.pdf
s Braggovou mřížkou 
https://laserscom.com/sites/default/files/pdf/lds-1550-dfb-2.5g-1550.pdf
      
      
Tunz všeho možného na optiku       
https://www.thorlabs.com/navigation.cfm?guide_id=29

F-P dioda   
https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=4190



F-P dioda, ale nevidím parametrz 
https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=4190&pn=FPL1009S

https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=4190&pn=FPL1009S

konkrétní dioda LD
https://www.thorlabs.com/drawings/85fce7e6dad23708-CFBC1522-D8FD-48D3-0269338FF58F5EDC/FPL1009P-SpecSheet.pdf



tadz máte mrakz diod    
https://www.thorlabs.com/navigation.cfm?guide_id=2222



a tadz je ta LD na 100 kHz  
https://www.laserdiodesource.com/shop/1550nm-narrow-linewidth-laser-eblana-photonics


chirp  
https://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/blogs/wave-optics/what-is-frequency-chirp-in-an-optical-pulse-video


------------------------------

Braggova mřížka
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30299434.pdf
      
hezký úvodní obrázek        
https://sfo.networkgroup.cz/cs/vlaknove-mrizky-a-rezonatory/

https://sfo.networkgroup.cz/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/A4-DS-FBG.pdf



https://cs.qaz.wiki/wiki/Fiber_Bragg_grating

vzrábí to safibra  
http://www.safibra.cz/fbg-mrizky